Functional response of Harmonia axyridis preying on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs: the effect of temperature.

In the current study, we investigated the functional response of Harmonia axyridis adults and larvae foraging on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs at temperatures between 15 and 35 °C. Logistic regression and Roger's random predator models were employed to determine the type and parameters of the functional response. Harmonia axyridis larvae and adults exhibited Type II functional responses to A. pisum, and warming increased both the predation activity and host aphid control mortality. Female and 4th instar H. axyridis consumed the most aphids. For fourth instar larvae and female H. axyridis adults, the successful attack rates were 0.23 ± 0.014 h-1 and 0.25 ± 0.015 h-1; the handling times were 0.13 ± 0.005 h and 0.16 ± 0.004 h; and the estimated maximum predation rates were 181.28 ± 14.54 and 153.85 ± 4.06, respectively. These findings accentuate the high performance of 4th instar and female H. axyridis and the role of temperature in their efficiency. Further, we discussed such temperature-driven shifts in predation and prey mortality concerning prey-predator foraging interactions towards biological control.

Hyperpyrexia crisis / 中国小儿急救医学

Hyperpyrexia usually refers to body temperature>41 ℃.Hyperpyrexia crisis is a kind of critical and severe condition, which is accompanied by convulsion, coma, shock and multiple organ failure, endangering the life of children and requiring immediate treatment.Pediatric emergency physicians should attach great importance to the clinical evaluation of children with hyperpyrexia, timely reduce the temperature, and prevent the occurrence of hyperpyrexia crisis.This review mainly focused on the definition, common causes, main pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, clinical evaluation and treatments of hyperpyrexia crisis.

Role of immune-related GTPase M I in cortical neurons autophagy of mice with sepsis-induced brain injury / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the role of immune-related GTPase M1 (IRGM1) in cortical neurons autophagy in mice with sepsis induced brain injury (SIBI).Methods:Sixty wild-type C57BL/6 mice and sixty IRGM1 gene knockout C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:a sham-operated wild-type (SWT) group,a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model wild-type (MWT) group,a sham-operated knockout (SKO) group,and a CLP model knockout (MKO) group.Models of mice with sepsis were established by CLP.Six hours of after CLP,the neurobehavioral scores for mice were recorded.The mice were diagnosed with SIBI and enrolled for the studies in next step if the neurobehavioral score was less than 6 in the MWT and MKO groups.The sham operation group only opened the abdominal cavity without CLP.Pathological changes in mouse cerebral cortex were observed by HE staining.Electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of autophagy in cortical neurons.The expression of IRGM1 and INF-γ mRNA in the cerebral cortex of mice were detected by Real time quantitative PCR.The protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅰ,sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) and IRGM1 were measured by Western blot.Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the expression of IRGM 1 in mouse cortical neurons.Results:In the MWT group,the cortical neurons showed dilated endoplasmic reticulum,swelling mitochondria,and increased number of autophagosomes after 6 or 24 h of CLP in contrast to the SWT group.At 6 h after CLP,the expression of LC3-Ⅱ in the cerebral cortex began to up-regulate,and the up-regulation was maintained till 96 h after CLP;on the contrary,SQSTM1 began to decline after 6 h of CLP.Compared with SWT group,IRGM1 was strongly up-regulated in the cerebral cortex of mice at both mRNA and protein levels in the MWT group after 12 h of CLP,and the mRNA expression of IFN-γ was also increased significantly (P＜0.05).At 24 h after CLP,the IRGM1 expression of cortical neurons in the MWT group was significantly higher than that in the SWT group.The baseline of autophagy activity was quite low in the cerebral cortex cells in the SWT and the SKO groups.There was almost no detected expression of LC3-Ⅱ;conversely,the expression of SQSTM1 was very high after 12 h of CLP.However,the expression of LC3-Ⅱ was significantly up-regulated and the expression of SQSTM1 was down-regulated in the MWT group (P＜0.05).On the other hand,there was almost no detected LC3-Ⅱ expression in cerebral cortex in the MKO group,and the expression of SQSTMI was up-regulated.At 6 h after CLP,the incidence of SIBI was 90％ (27/30) in the MWT group,and 96.67％ (29/30) in the MKO group.At 12 h of CLP,the neurobehavioral scores in the MKO group was significantly lower than that in the MWT group (4.97±0.71 vs 5.43±0.86;t=2.284,P=0.026).HE staining showed that mice in the MKO group suffered severe cerebral cortex injury,and the number of nerve cells was significantly reduced compared with that in the MWT group.Conclusion:The IRGM1 exerts a protective effect on the brain of the mice with SIBI,and its mechanism might be related to the regulation of autophagy in mouse cortical neurons.

Merits and demerits of diagnostic code of severe pneumonia in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Childhood pneumonia,especially severe pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years old,so,early diagnosis and reasonable management are particularly important for reducing mortality of children with severe pneumonia.At present,the diagnostic criteria of severe pneumonia in children is not unified,resulting in the lack of comparability in clinical research of different hospital.The policy guidance of clinical research is weak in Chinese future development of appropriate countermeasures.This paper mainly introduces the diagnosis criteria of severe pneumonia from China,World Health Organization,British and American in children,illustrates their advantages and disadvantages,and to provide a reference for pediatricians in using different diagnostic criteria.

Controversies of Sepsis-3 / 中国小儿急救医学

Sepsis caused by infection is one of the most common diseases in ICU.In 1991,the concept of sepsis was first put forward for the purpose of unifying cognition,early diagnosis and treatment,and reducing the fatality rate of severe infection.Over the past 20 years,with the development of the septic pathophysiology,its definition and clinical criteria have been constantly updated and improved.In 2016,a task force convened by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine revised the definition and clinical criteria of sepsis,namely,Sepsis-3.It mainly emphasizes infection leading to homeostasis disequilibrium,and organ dysfunction with potentially fatal risk.The definition is updated each time;many new theories or ideas are incorporated,and are also some controversies.This review focused on the definition and clinical criteria of sepsis,and the controversies of Sepsis-3.

Autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells from rats with sepsis-associated encephalopathy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To show evidence of the autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells from rats with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) in vivo and to investigate the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). 
@*METHODS@#A rat model of sepsis was established by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A total of 60 male Wistar rats (30 days old) were randomly divided into a sham group (n=10) and a CLP group (n=50). At 12 hours after CLP, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) changes in rats were monitored and the neurobehavioral score was measured. According to the occurrence of SAE, the CLP group was further divided into an SAE(+) group and an SAE(-) group. Histopathological changes in hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. An electron microscope was used to observe autophagosome formation and lysosome activation in the hippocampal nerve cells. Expressions of LC3-I and LC3-II protein were measured by Western blot. 
@*RESULTS@#Five of 50 rats in CLP group died in 12 hours after CLP. According to the low neurobehavioral score and abnormal EEG and SEP, 16 rats were diagnosed as SAE. The incidence of SAE was 35.56% (16/45). Compared with the sham group or the SAE(-) group, the frequency of α wave in SAE(+) group was significantly decreased at 12 hours after CLP, the δ wave increased, the P1 amplitude decreased, and the latency of SEP waves (P1 and N1) was prolonged (P<0.05). The morphology of hippocampal nerve cells was obvious in a status of edema. Pyramidal cells decreased significantly, even dissolved, and cell arrangement was in disorder in the SAE(+) group. But these cells were normal in the sham group and the SAE(-) group. The structure of hippocampal nerve cells was disordered, and the autophagy, granular matrix and square or rectangular crystals were found in the SAE(+) group. However, there was no autophagy both in the sham group and the SAE(-) group. LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in the hippocampal nerve cells was increased significantly at 12 hours after CLP in the SAE(+) group when compared with that in the sham or the SAE(-) group (P<0.05). 
@*CONCLUSION@#There is autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells from rats with SAE and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio is increased significantly.

Effect of Dexamethasone on LC3 expression of neurons in cerebral cortex of juvenile rats with sepsis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of Dexamethasone on microtubule - associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)expression of cells and neurons in cerebral cortex of juvenile Wistar rats with sepsis. Methods Models of juvenile Wistar rats with sepsis were established through cecal ligation and puncture(CLP). Totally 60 cases of 30 -day - old juvenile male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham - operation group(10 cases),non - treated group (25 cases)and Dexamethasone group(25 cases). Twelve hours after CLP,rats in Dexamethasone group were injected with Dexamethasone(1 mg / kg)via tail vein every other day,with a total of 3 times. The same dose of saline was used in the non - treated group. All rats were killed at the age of 40 days. Expressions of LC3 and neuronal nuclei(NeuN)of cells in cerebral cortex of rats were detected by using immunofluorescence assay,and the number of positive cells was calculated by using image analysis system software. Expressions of LC3 - Ⅰ and LC3 - Ⅱ protein were measured by a-dopting Western blot. Results Three hours after CLP,rats appeared to be curled up and showed piloerection and shi-vering and the neurobehavioral score in non - treated group was significantly lower than that in sham - operation group (t = 9. 895,P = 0. 000). Twelve of 25 rats in Dexamethasone group died in 10 days after CLP(48% ),while 8 of 25 rats in non - treated group died(32% ),and the difference was not statistically significant between the 2 groups(χ2 =1. 333,P = 0. 248). The immunofluorescence staining and image analysis showed the percentage of LC3 positive cells in non - treated group was significantly increased(0. 606 7 ± 0. 030 1 vs 0. 353 3 ± 0. 025 8,t = 15. 644,P = 0. 000;0. 606 7 ± 0. 030 1 vs 0. 270 3 ± 0. 019 4,t = 22. 450,P = 0. 000). In non - treated group,the LC3 expression of cells in the cerebral cortex of rats was up - regulated,and the LC3 - Ⅱ/ LC3 - Ⅰ ratio was significantly higher than that in sham operation group and Dexamethasone group(0. 413 3 ± 0. 022 5 vs 0. 205 0 ± 0. 015 2,t = 18. 802,P = 0. 000;0. 413 3 ± 0. 022 5 vs 0. 185 0 ± 0. 023 5,t = 17. 206,P = 0. 000). The LC3 positive neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats were less in sham operation group and Dexamethasone group. The LC3 positive neurons were more in non - treated group than that in sham operation group and Dexamethasone group(0. 580 0 ± 0. 020 0 vs 0. 298 3 ± 0. 014 7,t =27. 783;P = 0. 000;0. 580 0 ± 0. 020 0 vs 0. 261 7 ± 0. 017 2,t = 28. 614;P = 0. 000). Conclusions The LC3 expres-sion of cells in the cerebral cortex of juvenile Wistar rats with sepsis was up - regulated,LC3 - Ⅱ/ LC3 - Ⅰ ratio in-creased,and the number of LC3 positive neurons also increased,while Dexamethasone could have inhibitory effect on them.

Clinical evidence for immunologic treatment in newborn infants with sepsis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective Neonatal sepsis (NS) is one of the main causes of neonatal death.Immune therapy is an important way in the comprehensive treatment of NS.This study investigated several databases in order to find the clinical evidence for the immunological treatment of neonatal sepsis (NS),and to explore its clinical application value.Methods Systematic reviews and randomized (or quasi-randomized) controlled trials (RCT) for immunological treatment of NS in newborn infants were searched from the databases of MEDLINE,EMBASE and Cochrane Library.The relevant literatures were statistically analyzed.Results Six systematic reviews (including 37 RCTs) were found to be involved in the therapy,and the drugs included intravenous immunoglobulin (containing high level of IgM),antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins,neutrophile granulocyte,granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,pentoxifylline and glutamine.Pentoxifylline could decrease the mortality (Z =2.71,P =0.006 8),shorten the hospitalization (Z =2.01,P =0.044),and reduce the incidence rate of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Z =1.67,P =0.095) of the NS infants.No therapeutic effect was found for other drugs in the treatment of NS.Conclusions Current clinical evidence for the immunological treatment of NS indicates that only Pentoxifylline could decrease the mortality,reduce the incidence rate of NEC and shorten the hospitalization of infants with NS.However,current evidence is only a small scale sampling and lacks multicenter studies.Researchers are encouraged to undertake large scale and well-designed multicenter trials to confirm the effectiveness of the immunological treatment of NS.

Congenital chloride diarrhea：one case report / 临床儿科杂志

ObjectiveTo discuss the clinical diagnosis, treatment and genetic diagnosis of congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD), a rare autosomal recessive disease.Methods One month old boy with persistent diarrhea, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis, his stool electrolyte testing, clinical treatment and follow-up, as well as his and his parents’ SLC26A3 gene mutation analysis were retrospectively analyzed.Results The fecal electrolyte testing showed that the levels of Cl- and K+ were increased and the level of Cl- was much higher than the sum of Na+ and K+. After replacement therapy with NaCl and KCl, the blood electrolyte recovered to normal. Follow-up 4 years, the boy had a normal growth and development. Mutation analysis onSLC26A3 gene showed there was a homozygous mutation of 239G>A and both his father and mother carried the same heterozygous mutation. This mutation was ifrst discovered in China.Conclusions The sequencing analysis ofSLC26A3 mutation may help to diagnosis CCD.

The expression and role of integrin-linked kinase in neonatal rats after hypoxia-ischemia brain damage / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To investigate the possible function of integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling in repair of neonatal rat hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD). Methods Postnatal day 10 SD rats were randomly divided into hypoxia ischemia (HI) group and sham control group. Rat brains were collected at 0 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after hypoxia ischemia damage. Immunolfuorescence staining was used to observe the distribution and expression of ILK. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ILK, Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lentiviral vectors expressing ILK shRNA were constructed to inhibit the expression of ILK in neonatal rats. After intracerebroventricular injections of LV-ILK shRNA lentivirus and LV-control respectively, HIBD model was established. Rat brains were collected at 4 h and 24 h after HIBD. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ILK, p-Akt, and VEGF. TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Results Immunolfuorescence staining showed that ILK was widely distributed in cortex and hippocampus both in HI group and sham control group. ILK located at cell membrane and cytoplasm. Western blot results demonstrated that ILK protein increased after HI, with a peak at 24 h, and maintained higher level than those in sham control group. The p-Akt protein signiifcantly increased at 4 h after HI, and signiifcantly decreased in the following 24 h, and then increased again, with a peak at 48 h, but the level of p-Akt protein was higher than that of sham control group. The VEGF protein increased at 4 h after HI, with a peak at 12 h, higher than that of sham control group. The expression of Akt protein showed no signiifcant difference between HI group and sham control group. Lentiviral vectors containing RNAi targeting ILK was applied successfully in vivo. At 4 h and 24 h after HIBD model, the expression of ILK, p-Akt, and VEGF proteins in right side brain received LV-ILK shRNA signiifcantly decreased compared with those of right side brain received LV-control at the same time point. And cell apoptosis signiifcantly increased in LV-ILK shRNA group. Conclusions The expression of ILK, p-Akt, VEGF proteins increased after HI. By inhibiting the expression of ILK, the expression of p-Akt and VEGF proteins can be reduced, and cell apoptosis could increase in newborn rats after HIBD. The results suggest that ILK may induce the expression of VEGF through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and promote cell survival and angiogenesis after HIBD.

Expression of apoptotic protease cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 in cortex of rats with sepsis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of apoptotic protease cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (caspase-3) in cortex neurons of rats with sepsis.Methods Models of rats with sepsis were established by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Totally 70 cases of 30-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into CLP group (n =50) and control group (n =20).In CLP group,CLP was performed in the rats.Neurobehavioral score was measured in 5 rats at 6,12,24 and 48 h after CLP surgery,respectively.Then,they were killed and their brains were removed.The immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the apoptotic protein caspase-3 expression in cortex of rats.Control group did not undergo CLP,and the other treatment was the same as CLP group.Results Neurobehavioral scores at 12,24 and 48 h after CLP surgery were significantly lower than that in the control group(t =3.651,3.773,7.155,all P ＜ 0.05),and the scores were gradually decreased,overall situation of rats was getting worse along with the time.Caspase-3 protein expressed only in trace amounts in rat cerebral cortex in the control group by immunofluorescence analysis,however,its expression was significantly increased at 12 h after CLP surgery.Western blot test showed that caspase-3 protein expression in rat cerebral cortex at 6,12 and 24 h after CLP surgery was significantly higher than those in control group (all P ＜ 0.05).Its expression began to increase at 6 h after CLP surgery,and reached the peak at 12 h,then decreased at 48 h.Conclusion The neurobehavioral scores decreases and the expression of apeptosis protease caspase-3 increases in cortex of rats with sepsis brain injury.